Natural Sciences, Stomotology, 2026
ISSN: 1829-006X
EVALUATION OF SALIVARY VITAMIN D3 LEVELS AND ITS ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ORAL SUBMUCOUS FIBROSIS- A CASE CONTROL STUDY
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Submitted: 2026-04-08
© 2026 by author(s) and The Gufo Inc.
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial International License
(CC BY-NC 4.0).
Abstract
Background: Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, progressive disorder characterized by fibrosis
of the oral mucosa, leading to restricted mouth opening and significant functional impairment. It is strongly
associated with areca nut consumption and is classified as a potentially malignant disorder. Vitamin D,
known for its pleiotropic effects, has been implicated in modulating fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative
stress, which are key factors in OSMF pathogenesis.
Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the salivary levels of 25(OH)D3 in patients with OSMF
and explore a potential correlation between vitamin D3 deficiency and the progression of OSMF.
Methods: A comparative analysis was conducted to assess salivary Vitamin D levels in OSMF patients and
healthy controls. The potential mechanisms by which Vitamin D influences collagen metabolism, immune
responses, and oxidative stress were reviewed in the context of existing literature.
Results: The study revealed significantly lower salivary Vitamin D levels in OSMF patients (mean: 36.39
ng/ml) compared to healthy controls (mean: 54.01 ng/ml), with a statistically significant difference (p-value
= 0.010). Vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased fibrosis due to dysregulated fibroblast activity,
impaired matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and upregulated transforming growth factor-beta
(TGF-β). Additionally, low Vitamin D levels correlated with enhanced inflammation, oxidative stress, and
a higher potential for malignant transformation.
Conclusion: The findings highlighted a strong association between Vitamin D deficiency and OSMF
pathogenesis. Given its antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, Vitamin D
supplementation may serve as a potential adjunctive therapy for OSMF management. Future research should
explore the therapeutic benefits of Vitamin D in preventing disease progression and reducing the risk of
malignant transformation.