BEYOND THE ORAL CAVITY: THE SYSTEMIC IMPACT OF PERIODONTITIS. A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the supporting structures of the teeth, characterized by microbial dysbiosis and local tissue destruction. Increasing evidence demonstrates that its impact extends far beyond the oral cavity, influencing systemic health through mechanisms such as systemic inflammation, immune modulation, bacterial translocation, and endothelial dysfunction. This narrative review explores the relationship between periodontitis and a spectrum of systemic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, respiratory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic kidney disease, Alzheimer’s disease, erectile dysfunction, cancer, metabolic syndrome, gut dysbiosis, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The bidirectional nature of many of these associations highlights the importance of integrated care, early detection, and preventive strategies. Recognizing the oral– systemic health connection is essential for healthcare professionals to improve patient outcomes and for the development of public health strategies aimed at holistic well-being.