Mean Number and Number Variance of Squeezed Coherent Photons In a Thermal State of Photons
ISSN: 1829-1171
Submitted: 2026-07-17
Natural Sciences, Physics, 2026
Conversion Efficiency of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Vacuum Diode
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Submitted: 2026-07-17
© 2026 by author(s) and The Gufo Inc.
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(CC BY-NC 4.0).
Abstract
In this paper, we consider the efficiency of conversion of electromagnetic radiation in its nonlinear interaction with the space charge of a flat vacuum diode, depending on the radiation intensity and on the applied constant electric field. It is shown that the detected signal and the amplitude of the second harmonic field, as well as the conversion efficiency increase with an increase in the amplitude of the electromagnetic radiation field. The conversion efficiency can be improved by an optimal choice of the bias field, as well as by increasing the area of interaction of the electromagnetic wave with the space charge.