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Abstract
Background: A syndrome is caused by a mutation in the DNA sequence. The diagnosis of syndromes is relyingmainly on clinical and molecular analysis. Molecular techniques are not available in every institute andnot affordable to everyone. Therefore, the need for simple and affordable diagnostic substitutes for these conditionsismandatory. Syndromes with gingival enlargement are diverse although being rare. GCF collection andanalysiscould aid in the diagnosis of such cases. Besides, tissue biopsy examination could facilitate reaching the final diagnosis in association with clinical findings. The rationale of this study is the use of simple and feasibletechniquesfor the diagnosis of syndromes with gingival enlargement. So, the hypothesis of this study states that if theH&Estaining, histochemical staining, and ELISA analysis of certain molecules show superiority or equalityinthesensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of such syndromes, they could be used as a more available andcheaperway of diagnosis. Material and methods: Total number of 37 cases were involved in the study, among which 12 syndromicpatientsand 25 cases of control cases. Samples of GCF were collected by using periopapers and analyzed usingELISAkitsfor IL-8, TNF- α, MMP-2 and GAGs. Gingival tissue biopsies were collected and stained with H&E, AB, PAS, MTand VG stains then examined under the microscope Conclusions: H&E staining could be considered a valuable tool for the preliminary histopathological diagnosisofPLS, ERS, and JHF, owing to their special microscopic features alongside with unique clinical features. However,histochemical staining did not significantly contribute to diagnostic clarity due to variability in their expression. TNF-α showed the highest sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy among the markers highlightingitspotential as a supportive diagnostic․
