ADVANCES IN LASER TECHNOLOGIES IN DENTISTRY:CLINICAL APPLICATIONS, EFFICACY, AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES:REVIEW

Objectives: To systematically evaluate the current evidence on the clinical applications, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic effectiveness of laser technologies in dentistry. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Electronic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between 2000 and 2025. Search terms included “laser dentistry,” “diode laser,” “erbium laser,” “Nd:YAG,” and “periodontal laser therapy.” Randomized controlled trials, clinical studies, and systematic reviews were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and ROBINS-I criteria. Results: A total of 50 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Diode lasers (800–980 nm) demonstrated high efficacy in soft tissue management due to their affinity for hemoglobin and melanin, providing excellent hemostasis and reduced postoperative discomfort. Erbium lasers (2780–2940 nm) showed superior performance in hard tissue procedures, including caries removal and cavity preparation, owing to their high absorption in water. Nd:YAG and CO₂ lasers were effective in periodontal therapy and surgical applications. Overall, laser-assisted treatments resulted in improved wound healing, antimicrobial effects, and enhanced patient comfort. However, heterogeneity in laser parameters and study designs was observed. Conclusions: Laser technologies represent a valuable adjunct and, in some cases, an alternative to conventional dental treatments, offering minimally invasive and efficient therapeutic options. The integration of laser systems into routine dental practice may improve treatment precision, reduce patient morbidity, and enhance clinical outcomes, although standardized protocols are still required.