Background:Recent progress in dental materials science has resulted in the creation of aesthetically pleasing and
durable materials, which enhance the quality and lifespan of prosthetic restorations. In conjunction with these
advances, nanotechnology and bioactive coatings are being increasingly employed to enhance osseointegration,
minimize microbial colonization, and tackle biomechanical challenges in prosthodontics and implantology. This
thorough review aims to compile current research on ceramics, polymers, nanoparticles, and implant biomaterials,
concentrating specifically on their mechanical, biological, and surface-modification characteristics.
Materials and Methods:The literature was reviewed to assess modern applications of ceramic (e.g., monolithic
zirconia), polymeric (such as PMMA and PEEK), and nanomaterials in prosthodontics. Key areas of focus included
mechanical performance under stress (analyzed via FEA), adhesive systems, biofilm resistance, cytocompatibility,
wear and aging characteristics, as well as the clinical potential of innovative implant surface treatments. Studies on in
vitro, in silico, and chemical surface modifications were evaluated, including finite element modeling, artificial aging,
and nanoparticle-reinforcement methods.
Results:Monolithic ceramics exhibit superior translucency and aesthetic qualities, although stress concentration
remains an issue at the margins of restorations. PMMA displays favorable processing properties but has limitations in
toughness and biostability, with enhancement approaches involving the use of nanofillers and copolymer systems.
PEEK has emerged as a viable metal alternative due to its elasticity and biocompatibility. The incorporation of
nanoparticles significantly enhances antimicrobial efficacy and wear resistance. Modifications to the surfaces of
titanium implants using nanostructured coatings and protein functionalization may improve the osteoblast response
and osseointegration. The guided implant surgical protocol, coupled with the socket-shield technique, may show
potential in preserving bone structure and enhancing implant longevity.
Conclusion:All materials employed for oral rehabilitation must exhibit satisfactory aesthetic, biomechanical, and
biological traits. Innovations in ceramics, polymers, and nanotechnology are transforming the field of prosthodontics
and implant dentistry.
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