This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial International License
(CC BY-NC 4.0).
A novel bioactive guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membrane was engineered by incorporating Cissus quadrangularis extract and carrageenan into a tendon-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold. The biocompatibility of the membrane was confirmed through MTT assays, while scratch wound healing assays demonstrated enhanced fibroblast migration, with Group 4—formulated with silver tricalcium phosphate—exhibiting the most significant migratory response. Gene expression profiling indicated a marked upregulation of COL1A1, VEGF-A, RUNX2, IL-10, and MMP2 in the treated groups compared to controls, suggesting the scaffold’s robust
potential to promote osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory activity. These results support the membrane’s application in periodontal tissue engineering, offering a multifunctional platform for regenerative therapy.