Therapeutic implications of metabolic derangements In heart failure

Heart failure is a prevalent disease with an adverse prognosis. Several factors characterize different heart failure clinical manifestations. Among the others, the mechanisms and pathways that regulate cardiac and global metabolic states in patients with heart failure definitely play an important role. In fact , several drug classes used to treat patients with heart failure have been shown to induce changes in myocardial and global metabolism. These changes may be of special interest for both potential beneficial and deleterious effects and should be well understood and known by all providers managing patients with heart failure. Additionally, pharmacological modulation of cardiac energy metabolism may be considered as an adjunctive therapeutic option in heart failure. This paper reviews the metabolic derangements in heart failure and the
metabolic effects of medications used for the treatment of patients with heart failure.