This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial International License
(CC BY-NC 4.0).
Background: Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) plays a critical role in periodontal therapy, but conventional membranes often exhibit limited bioactivity and may induce inflammatory responses, thereby impairing effective bone regeneration. This study aims to develop and evaluate a resorbable collagen–chitosan membrane enriched with
Eu₂ O₃ , Ag₂ O, and SrO, based on the hypothesis that the incorporation of these bioactive components enhances osteogenic potential, antioxidant activity, and cytocompatibility.
Methods: A novel collagen–chitosan membrane containing Eu₂ O₃ , Ag₂ O, and SrO was synthesized and characterized. The antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH assay. Cytocompatibility was assessed via MTT assays and fluorescence microscopy using human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and osteoblasts.
Osteogenic differentiation was assessed by quantifying BMP-2 and ALP gene expression using real-time PCR at days 1, 7, 14, and 21. Comparative evaluation was conducted against PerioCol GTR and strontium/silver-doped collagen– chitosan membranes. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
Results: The Eu₂ O₃ /Ag₂ O/SrO-enriched membrane exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant activity, comparable to that ofascorbic acid. MTT assays indicated high cell viability, while fluorescence microscopy demonstrated increased cell proliferation on days 3 and 5. Gene expression analysis revealed significantly elevated BMP-2 and ALP mRNA levels (p < 0.05) in the europium-doped group, with peak expression observed at day 14, suggesting enhanced osteogenic differentiation.
Conclusion: Propofol and sevoflurane showed superior efficacy but require specialized monitoring. Nitrous oxide and midazolam remain safe first-line options despite moderate success rates. The choice of sedation technique should consider patient factors, procedure complexity, and available expertise. Further research is needed to optimize sedation protocols and minimize adverse events.