Bulletin of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery
ISSN 1829-006X
2025; 271–277
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CORRECTION OF LEDGE FORMATION IN SIMULATED ROOT CANALS USING MANUAL AND ROTARY NICKEL–TITANIUM INSTRUMENTS WITH VARIED KINEMATICS

Amira Galal Ismail*

Received: 2026-01-08 · Published: 2025-12-31

© 2025 The Author(s) and the original publisher.

CC BY-NC 4.0 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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Original title
CORRECTION OF LEDGE FORMATION IN SIMULATED ROOT CANALS USING MANUAL AND ROTARY NICKEL–TITANIUM INSTRUMENTS WITH VARIED KINEMATICS
Author
Amira Galal Ismail
Source journal
Bulletin of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery
Published
2025-12-31
Licence
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Original
https://doi.org/10.58240/1829006X-2025.21.12-271

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of manual files and rotary nickel– titanium instruments operating in continuous rotation, reciprocation, and optimum torque reverse (OTR) motion for correction of ledge formation in simulated curved root canals. Materials and Methods: Eighty standardized acrylic blocks with curved canals were used. Ledges were artificially created at a standardized level. Specimens were randomly divided into four groups (n = 20): manual stainless-steel files, continuous rotary NiTi, reciprocating NiTi, and OTR NiTi systems. Ledge correction was attempted using standardized protocols. Outcomes included success rate of ledge correction, time required to regain working length, and change in canal curvature. The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed with IBM® SPSS® Statistics Version 25 for Windows. Results: Manual files demonstrated the highest success rate in bypassing ledges, while reciprocating and OTR systems showed significantly reduced correction time. Continuous rotary instruments exhibited greater change in canal curvature compared with other groups. Conclusion: Manual files remain the most reliable instruments for initial ledge bypassing, whereas rotary systems particularly those using OTR and reciprocation can efficiently refine canal shaping after correction. Instrument kinematics significantly influence ledge management outcomes.
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