Abstract

The accessory mental foramen (AMF) is a type of mandibular variation which transmits extra neurovascular branches, a fact with great importance in dental and surgical procedures. Its range and features do vary between populations, which is why broad based knowledge is required to which out to avoid issues like nerve injury or anesthesia failure. We did this review to look at the anatomical features, that is size and location of AMFs, their global prevalence, and what clinical use they have, and how they play a role in dental practice and forensics. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for studies published in the past five years. Keywords included: Accessory mental foramen (AMF), Bucal foramen, Mental foramen, Mandible, Dental surgery. The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. We did a thorough search of the literature looking at AMF prevalence, morphology and clinical implications across many populations. We looked at studies done on dry mandibles, radiographic reports and at what Cone-Beam Computerized Tomography (CBCT) shows. Also, we put together key studies which we looked at to present prevalence rates, types of variation in anatomy and diagnostic methods. AMF’s range from 1% to 10% worldwide, we see higher rates in South Asian groups at 6 to 8.9% as compared to Iranian at 2 to 3% or Bosnian at 2.7%. AMFs are small, oval and are found near the first molar or second premolar. CBCT does a better job in detecting these as compared to panoramic x rays, also morphological studies give very precise measurements although may not see the smaller AMFs. The presence of AMFs reports anesthetization failure, nerve injury or bleed out during dental procedures and play a role in forensics and anthropology. AMFs are important anatomical variants that require attention in dental and surgical planning. CBCT is the best for accurate detection. By being aware of the AMF’s prevalence and what they look like we see better results in care and less complications. Future research should standardize diagnostic criteria and explore demographic influences to improve clinical and forensic applications.

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