Bulletin of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery
ISSN 1829-006X
2025; 434–442
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THE EFFECTS OF DUAL SMOKING ON PERIODONTAL HEALTH AND SALIVARY TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALFA AMONG SUBJECTS FROM DUHOK CITY

Abdulrazzaq Spindary*, Ahmed Khudhu, Hushyar Sulaiman, Hashim Mousa

Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry/ University of Duhok. [email protected]. Duhok cityKurdistan Iraqi · PhD. Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry/ Mosul University. [email protected]. Mosul cityIraq. · Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Kurdistan · Oral Periodontology, College of Dentistry / University of Duhok. [email protected]. Duhok city-Kurdistan Iraqi

Received: 2025-09-17 · Published: 2025-01-01

© 2025 The Author(s) and the original publisher.

CC BY-NC 4.0 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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Originally published in Bulletin of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2025 — https://doi.org/10.58240/1829006X-2025.21.8-434.

Original title
THE EFFECTS OF DUAL SMOKING ON PERIODONTAL HEALTH AND SALIVARY TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALFA AMONG SUBJECTS FROM DUHOK CITY
Authors
Abdulrazzaq Spindary, Ahmed Khudhu, Hushyar Sulaiman, Hashim Mousa
Source journal
Bulletin of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery
Published
2025-01-01
Licence
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Original
https://doi.org/10.58240/1829006X-2025.21.8-434

Abstract

Background: Smoking has been considered a risk factor for morbidity and mortality among both teenagers and adults. Waterpipe smoking has harmful effects on oral health, which might be similar to those of cigarette smoking. Dual smoking appears to be more deleterious on health than cigarette or Waterpipe smoking alone. The effects of dual smoking on clinical periodontal parameters and inflammatory biomarkers remain inadequately studied in our region. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of dual smoking on periodontal health by the means of clinical periodontal parameters and a selected inflammatory biomarker. Materials and methods: One-hundred and thirty six volunteered participants were involved in the study. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic data. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), periodontal probing depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were used to evaluate periodontal health. ELISA assay was used to measure salivary tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). Statistical analysis was performed using the software IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 29.0.2). Results: The current study discovered that the PI, PPD, and CAL indices were significantly higher among the dual smokers (DS), cigarette smokers (CS), and Waterpipe smoker (WPS) groups as compared to the non-smokers (NS) (p< 0.05). The level of salivary TNF-α of DS group was statistically higher than NS and WPS groups (p< 0.05), though salivary TNF-α level of DS group was higher than CS group; yet the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: The current study concluded that dual smoking has more effects on clinical periodontal parameters than cigarette or waterpipe smoking alone. On the other hand, the level of salivary TNF-α among the dual smokers was statistically higher than the non-smokers which might be consider as a potential risk factor for periodontal disease.
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