Bulletin of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery
ISSN 1829-006X
2025; 522–530
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THERAPEUTIC AND ADVERSE ROLES OF WIDELY USED AGENTS IN MODULATING ORAL AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION DURING ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT

Abdulwahhab A.R*, Summar Haamdalla, Zahraa Sadeiq

Pedodontics dentistry, College of Dentistry, University Al Maarif, Al Anbar, 31001, Iraq · Orthodontic, Pedodontics dentistry, College of Dentistry,University Al Maarif, Al Anbar, 31001, Iraq · College of Dentistry,University Al Maarif, Al Anbar, 31001, Iraq

Received: 2026-04-08 · Published: 2025-11-25

© 2025 The Author(s) and the original publisher.

CC BY-NC 4.0 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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Originally published in Bulletin of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2025 — https://doi.org/10.58240/1829006X-2025.21.10-522.

Original title
THERAPEUTIC AND ADVERSE ROLES OF WIDELY USED AGENTS IN MODULATING ORAL AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION DURING ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT
Authors
Abdulwahhab A.R, Summar Haamdalla, Zahraa Sadeiq
Source journal
Bulletin of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery
Published
2025-11-25
Licence
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Original
https://doi.org/10.58240/1829006X-2025.21.10-522

Abstract

Background: Orthodontic therapy is based on the application of the mechanical forces, which drives periodontal ligament (PDL) remodelling and leads to alveolar bone resorption. But in addition to being necessary for the process of tooth movement, these events create local and systemic inflammatory responses that can cause pain, gingival inflammation and transient systemic changes. Several topical agents, including chlorhexidine, green tea extract, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and corticosteroids are common in orthodontic treatment as inflammation modifiers. Such agents may have positive therapeutic effects, such as reduction in microorganisms and gingival inflammation, but can lead to harmful consequences like delayed tooth movements, disturbed bone metabolism and diminished stability of application. Objectives: This work was to compare the therapeutic and adverse effects of some of pharmacological agents with different natural substances. More precisely, the effects of chlorhexidine or green tea extract on oral and systemic inflammation were contrasted with NSAIDs or corticosteroids impact on tooth movement, periodontal ligament damage, and alveolar bone maintenance. Methods:We used an integrated experimental and clinical approach. Orthodontic wires of stainless steel were exposed to extracts of chlorhexidine, green tea, and black tea for evaluating the impact on corrosion behavior. surface roughness and tensile strength. Simultaneous preclinical animal models and human clinical trials were used to examine inflammatory biomarkers (IL-1β, TNF-α, CRP), gingival indices and tooth movement. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test (P < 0.05). Results: Chlorhexidine and green tea extract significantly suppressed oral- and systemic-proinflammatory cytokines without influence of tooth movement or alveolar bone remodeling. On the other hand, NSAIDs and steroids controlled inflammation efficiently, inducing inhibited OTM and transforming histological bone modification patterns.
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